"unless the government can prove an intent
to make money."
An intent to make money is not required for
criminal copyright infringement.
"What is the "criminal" activity? Under what
law? Ashcroft said that charges would be
brought against "some of the people." Are
they "flipping through their lawbooks
looking for something criminal to charge
them with"?
Ditto, MP3user.
Okay, mroop. It's all yours..."
Here you go. This appears to be from May
2001:
"Congress has distilled the crime of felony
copyright infringement to four essential
elements: (1) a copyright exists; (2) it was
infringed by the defendant, specifically by
reproduction or distribution of the
copyrighted work; (3) the defendant acted
"willfully"; and (4) the defendant infringed
at least 10 copies of one or more
copyrighted works with a total retail value
of more than $2,500 within a 180-day period.
See 17 U.S.C. § 506(a)(2); 18 U.S.C. §
2319(a), (c)(1). Further elaboration on
these elements, if necessary, can be found
in the recently published manual,
Prosecuting Intellectual Property Crimes
(2001). Criminal copyright infringement is
discussed in depth in chapter III of the
manual."
A. Large Scale Infringement Without Profit
Motive
Infringement without profit motive is far
more common in cases of Internet-based
copyright infringement than it is in the
physical world. Until recently, the
prosecution was required to prove that
copyright infringement was done willfully
and for commercial advantage or private
financial gain. Now the law provides for
prosecution in the absence of these monetary
considerations. Specifically, the current
statute, as codified at 17 U.S.C. §
506(a)(2), allows for prosecution in cases
involving large scale illegal reproduction
or distribution of copyrighted works where
the infringers act willfully, but without a
discernible profit motive. Congress
specifically made this change as part of the
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act of 1997, Pub.
L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678. This
statutory amendment was enacted as a
response to United States v. LaMacchia, 871
F. Supp. 535 (D. Mass. 1994), in which a
Massachusetts District Court held that
electronic piracy of copyrighted works,
which could not be prosecuted under
then-existing copyright infringement laws if
the defendant did not realize a commercial
advantage or financial gain, could not be
charged as a wire fraud. For a more extended
discussion of charging mail or wire fraud in
infringement cases, see Prosecuting
Intellectual Property Crimes § VI.B.1.
Cases alleging illegal distribution of
copyrighted materials without commercial
gain have been charged all over the country.
In August 1999, the first person was
convicted for illegally posting computer
software programs, musical recordings, and
digitally-recorded movies on his Web site,
and allowing the general public to download
and copy these products free of charge. The
Oregon defendant pleaded guilty to a felony.
See United States Attorney's Office,
District of Oregon, First Criminal Copyright
Conviction Under the "No Electronic Theft"
(NET) Act for Unlawful Distribution of
Software on the Internet, August 20, 1999 (
http://www.cybercrime.gov/netconv.htm). In
addition to Oregon, other significant cases
have been charged in the Northern District
of California, the District of Columbia, the
Northern District of Illinois, and the
Eastern District of Michigan without
allegation of commercial gain. For
additional information about cases charged
under the NET Act, see
http://www.cybercrime.gov/iplaws.htm#Xb.
Prosecutors should not hesitate to utilize
this avenue of enforcement. In many cases
the damage to the victim may be enormous
although the infringer is not profiting
financially. In fact, because the
copyrighted materials are provided without
charge to the entire Internet-using public,
the demand for the infringing goods provided
for free may increase dramatically and
result in great potential loss to the rights
holder.
http://www.cybercrime.gov/usamay2001_5.htm